Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Essays -- Science Technology Gene

Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Cloning is defined as the â€Å"creation of an exact copy of a living matter, such as a cell or organism† according to Encarta encyclopedia. The copies produced through cloning have identical genetic makeup and are known as clones. Scientists use cloning techniques in the laboratory to create copies of cells or organisms with valuable traits. Cloning is a controversial topic because new areas of science often raise questions about safety. Early experiment performed on animals showed potential dangers. For example, cloned cows developed faulty immune systems. In some studies, cloned animals seemed to grow old faster and die younger than normal members of the species. According to Encarta online Encyclopedia, â€Å"In 2002 the National Academy of Sciences released a report calling for a legal ban on human cloning. The report concluded that the high rate of health problems in cloned animals indicates that such an effort in humans would be highly dangerous for the mother and developing embryo and is likely to fail† (encarta.msn.com). Reproductive and therapeutic cloning has possible side effects or danger that could affect the human race. Reproductive cloning is a technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal and therapeutic cloning involves transplanting the nucleus of an adult body cell into an unfertilized egg. An electric shock stimulates the egg to begin dividing. This reproductive cloning technology can be used to help people who cannot give birth to children or those who are not married. Though Reproductive cloning would be beneficial to us, there are a number of reasons why this system should be banned... ...er, etc. it would be use to replace and restore tissues, organs, and their lost functionality† (Williams 591-594). As William said using this technology to treat an aging brain could be difficult because of the hostile environment created by the neurodegenerative disease (Williams 591-594). Reproductive and Therapeutic cloning is not as beneficial as it is made out to be by researchers. Developing humans are killed in the long pursuit of this technology. Money also is a big issue. By using the money that could be used to help developing countries to play or be God is immoral. We have everything we can use to revive humans to the best of our ability, what more do we needed? Sometimes, certain things are not to be tampered with because of issues and dangers behind it. Therefore Reproductive and Therapeutic cloning should not be used and should be banned.

History of Real Madrid Cf

Martin Torrijos 12th Grade English November 21, 2012 Real Madrid FC Real Madrid Football Club is one of the oldest, most successful clubs in the world. Ever since its inception in 1902, the club has won countless titles, and has been a perennial contender for its entire existence. Many of the sport’s biggest, most notorious legends have worn the pure white uniforms that have become synonymous with the team. With a history of excellence, and a winning tradition that continues to this day, Real Madrid’s already unbelievable legacy looks to become even greater with the passage of time.This incredible club was founded on March 6th 1902 as â€Å"Sociedad de Madrid FC, and its first ever president was Mr. Juan Padros. In one of the first team meetings, the board agreed to the dress team white shirts, with matching shirts and socks, as a tribute to one of his favorite football clubs (Corinthia of London). This decision inadvertently led to the creation of one of football†™s most iconic looks, the pure white Real Madrid home kits. In the very same year that the club was founded, it won its first championship, the â€Å"Campeonato Regional Central† (Central Regional Championship).Two years later, On May 21, 1904; Madrid FC participated in the founding of FIFA (the international federation that, to this day, is still the central governing body of the sport), with the federations of Belgium, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland (and their respective top clubs) all present. Decades later, on June 29, 1920; the club received a letter from the King Alfonso XIII of Spain granting them the title of a â€Å"royal†, a distinction that very few Spanish clubs can boast.Not even some of the country’s most successful clubs (Barcelona, Valencia, Malaga, and Atletico de Madrid; for example) share the distinction of being â€Å"royal† clubs. Since then, the club has utilized its present name, Real Madrid Club de Fu tbol. In the same decade that they were declared football royalty, they participated in the inaugural league championship of Spain in 1929, where it finished in second place behind their soon-to-be lifelong rivals F. C. Barcelona. The following season the club began a tradition of spending made many signings, including goalkeeper Ricardo Zamora, for whom they paid 150,000 pesetas to Espanyol.Despite the large investment, Real Madrid had a discrete participation and came nowhere near winning the title. In 1931, with the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic, Real Madrid was stripped of the title of â€Å"Royal† and renamed to Madrid Football Club again. The club, however, further invested on players and obtained League 1931/32, the first in Madrid, undefeated. The success was repeated in the 1932/33 season, with Brazilian Olivares consecrated as the first big-name scorer of the team.The first era of Real Madrid-style success soon ensued, and the club won three consecuti ve leagues (1933-34, 1934-35 and 1935-36), and were also cup winners in 1934 and 1936 after beating Valencia C. F. and F. C. Barcelona respectively. With the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War sports activities were suspended from 1936 to 1939. After the end of the political turmoil in Spain, the club regained its title of â€Å"Royal†. The war, however, left Real Madrid without several of their stars, so they decided to hire many players, including Sabino Barinaga, a world class midfielder who arrived from Southampton FC in England.On September 15, 1943 ex-player and former coach Santiago Bernabeu was unanimously named club president, ushering in a prosperous stage of the club’s history. This move allowed Real Madrid get the â€Å"bicampeonato†, winning both the league and domestic cup, in 1946 and1947. The club, however, suffered such poor results during the 1948-49 campaign that league winning coach Quincoces Jacinto, with just one year in office, resigned fro m his post midway through the season.In January 1948 Michael English relieved Quincoces, and managed to save the team from descending into the â€Å"Segunda Division†, the second tier league of Spanish football, which sends its top three teams into the first division while receiving the bottom three from the â€Å"Primera Division†. Although English had stars like the great Pahino at his disposal, the â€Å"Merengues† spent the next few years in mediocrity and finishing mid-table. On March 6, 1952, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of its founding, the team hosted an international friendly tournament , where they lost the final ost to Club Deportivo Los Millonarios from Colombia. Despite the loss, the club spotted Argentine player Alfredo di Stefano and hired him from Millonarios in 1953, along and Spaniard Francisco Gento from Racing de Santander. This signing proved to be excellent, as Di Stefano would lead Madrid to an era of absolute success, and is still regarded as one of the top five players to ever play for Madrid. With â€Å"Pahino† Molowny, Di Stefano and Gento, the â€Å"Merengues† got the 1953-54 league title, after a 21 year dry spell. Di Stefano was crowned top scorer of the tournament, a feat that he would repeat four more times in Madrid.Under the direction of Spanish coach Jose Villalonga, and with a team of players like Juan Alonso, â€Å"Marquitos† Rafael Lesmes, Miguel Munoz, Jose Maria Zarraga, â€Å"Joseito† Alfredo di Stefano, Hector Rial and Francisco Gento, Real Madrid conquered 1954-55 and 1956-57 league. They also participated in the first two editions of the European Cup, which they won by beating Stade de Rennes in the French league in the Parc des Princes and ACF Fiorentina of Serie A D’Italia in the Santiago Bernabeu, respectively, in the 1955-56 and 1956-57 editions.Argentina’s Luis Carniglia relieved Villalonga, and, with the additions of Raymond Kopa, Jose Santam aria and Ferenc Puskas; the team won the 1957-58 European Cup, and beat AC Milan and Rennes in the finals of the â€Å"Coup d’Europe† in 1958 and 1959, respectively. Following years of Di Stefano-led success, the club began a new era in 1966. Madrid gave relief to the old idols of Madrid with a team of young Spanish people like Joseph Araquistain, â€Å"Pachin† Pedro de Felipe, Manuel Sanchis , â€Å"Pirri†, Ignacio Zoco Francisco Serena, Amancio Amaro, Ramon Grosso and Manuel Velazquez; and led by the veteran Francisco Gento.The rejuvenated tea won the European Cup, after years of futile performance. In the 1970? s, the now-veteran players won Real Madrid five Leagues and three Domestic Cups. The happy period of the club’s history would soon end. On June 2, 1978 Santiago Bernabeu died during the World Championships in Argentina. Soon after, in September, Luis Carlos became president of Madrid. During the reign of Luis Carlos (1978-1985), the team won 2 Leagues, 2 Cups and one UEFA Cup. In those years he was formed what came to be known as the â€Å"Quinta del Buitre† (The Vulture’s Five): Emilio Butragueno ( nicknamed the Vulture†), Michel, Manuel Sanchis, Rafael Martin Vazquez and Miguel Pardeza were all instrumental to the team’s success. In 1981, Real Madrid was defeated in the final of the Champions League for the first time, against Liverpool FC. La Quinta del Buitre was one of the best generations of home-grown Real Madrid players, starting with their win the Second Division title in 1984 with Real Madrid Castilla, the subsidiary of the Club. That generation won five consecutive league (1986-1990) , a Domestic Cup in 1989 and a second title of the UEFA Cup in 1986.In 1985, Luis Carlos retired from the presidency due to his advanced age and was succeeded by Ramon Mendoza (1985-1995). This new generation was led by Mexican striker Hugo Sanchez, bought from Atletico Madrid. They, like the Quinta del Buitre before them, achieved great success (although not as much as their predecessors). The era of victorious accomplishments was broken in 1991, when F. C. Barcelona (led by legend Johan Cruyff) managed to win four consecutive league titles and one European Cup in 1992. During those years, the Madrid only won a Copa del Rey (Domestic Cup) in 1993.At the end of that dark period, the last remnants of the Quinta del Buitre were dissolved with the departures of Butragueno and Michel Vasquez. However, another big player in history came from the Madrid youth academy, Raul Gonzalez Blanco. Commonly known by his first name only, Rauis believed by many to be the best Madrid homegrown player ever. In 1995, he returned Madrid to its winning ways, winning the league with the help of coach Jorge Valdano and signings new signings Michel Laudrup, Amavisca and Jose Redondo.The joy would prove to be short-lived, as the team failed to win any major titles in the 1995/1996 season, Valdano was f ired because of poor performances and the huge debt accumulated for Real Madrid. Real Madrid finished the season outside the European places, so it did not play in any European competition next season. After a radical restructuring of club, Madrid won the Liga 1996/1997 being directed by Fabio Capello, but he left the club due to their discussions and conflicts with then-president Lorenzo Sanz and was succeeded by Jupp Heynckes.The Madrid team led by Heynckes won the seventh European Cup (which has been renamed Champions League ) in 1998, winning the final against Juventus in Turin by a solitary goal he scored on 66 minutes of the meeting by Predrag Mijatovic, breaking 32 years of drought without winning it, but he was fired due to poor performance league. After a season without a title, Vicente del Bosque came to coach in November 1999, making a debut to promising young goalkeeper Iker Casillas. Del Bosque managed to conquer the Eighth European Cup in 2000 after defeating Valencia CF 3-0 in the final.Shortly after, Florentino Perez was elected president of Real Madrid, with a promise to end the club’s debt. On July 16, 2000 held new presidential elections. Sanz lost his re-election to Florentino Perez, who from this moment became the fourteenth president of Real Madrid. Immediately after, Perez bought Brazilian Flavio Conceicao fro Deportivo La Coruna, Frenchman Claude Makelele from Celta Vigo and Albert Celades of F. C. Barcelona. But no purchase had more impact than that of Portuguese winger Luis Figo, who was bought for 60 million from arch-rivals F.C. Barcelona. This moves started the â€Å"Galacticos† Era. This era was marked by great econoinc spending, and the purchase of many of the world’s biggest stars. Players like Ronaldo, Roberto Carlos, Zinedine Zidane, David Beckham, and Figo all ushered Madrid to great heights. In 2001, Madrid won the league again, and Raul was named top scorer. The team won two league titles (2000/2001 and 2002/2003) and the ninth European Cup in 2002 against Bayer Leverkusen thanks to a goal from Zidane right at the end of the first half.After that, the team spent 3 consecutive seasons without a title, one of the worst losing streaks in its history, prompting the resignation of Florentino on February 27, 2006. With Ramon Calderon as the new president, the club won two League titles: (2006/2007 and 2007/2008) and the Spanish SuperCup (2008) with two different coaches (Capello and Schuster), despite failures in the Champions League. In the 2008/2009 season, there was a scandal which forced the resignation of Calderon in January 2009, and he was succeeded by Vicente Boluda.He organized the transition to return to the presidency of Florentino Perez as the only candidate in the 2009 elections. With the return of Florentino Perez for the 2009/2010 season, the club bought Cristiano Ronaldo, had long sought by Calderon, and Kaka, breaking records for the most expensive players in history (C ristiano Ronaldo 96 million euros, Kaka 67. 2 million euros). Also, the club made other expensive such as Karim Benzema (35 million) and Xabi Alonso (34 million euros). As he signed to coach Manuel Pellegrini, Villarreal from the C.F. , thus beginning the Second Age of Galacticos . However, it was not enough and Real Madrid failed to win a title in 2010, despite having added 96 points in the league, a record surpassed only by the 99 champion. The good league season contraste with the early eliminations in the Doestic Cup and Champions League the sixth consecutive time falling eliminated in second round of the continental showpiece. Pellegrini ended up being removed and replaced by Jose Mourinho, who dismissed two emblematic players Raul and Guti.After 18 years of drought, Mourinho managed to win the Copa del Rey. This was the first title in the second stage of Florentino Perez as the first title from Jose Mourinho at Real Madrid. The following year, Mourinho led Madrid to a league t itle, while breaking the record for most points (100), and most goals scored in a single season (121). Today, Mourinho is currently sitting at third in La Liga, and Madrid has just qualified for the next stage of both the Copa del Rey and the Champions League. The future of this club appears to be just as bright as its illustrious history.

Research On Game Mechanics In Racing Games - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3166 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The very first racing game built by KONAMI was Road Fighter (Konami, 1984). The goal of the game was to reach the finish line without running out of fuel. The interesting part was each time the player gets close to finish line without getting crashed; a superman flies by and the player gets extra 1000 points. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Research On Game Mechanics In Racing Games" essay for you Create order If you havenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t noticed before, the superman has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Kà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ marked on his dress, which probably stands for Konami. But, if you see from a developersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ point of view, the superman bonus is the result of reward and feedback game mechanics. This point bonus encourages players to play better. It makes the game more interesting and players concentrate more in order to get the bonus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Supermanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? points. Game mechanics is a huge subject. It has been used in many fields today, other than video games. Game mechanics have been used for growing the playersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ interest and involvement in gameplay, but as the area of game mechanics became largely successful, it started being used in other fields for other purposes. With the research on game mechanics, I try to study and understand the vast game mechanics subject and its application in various fields. I have also tried to form up a definition and apply it to study gameplay in various games. At last, a thorough study of game mechanics in racing games is attempted, and I introduce a new mechanics for racing games. Research Context The example above explains the game mechanics at quite brief extent. Here, I present some definitions by various researchers as well as own thoughts, experience and some examples. Game Mechanics Definitions Different researchers provide different game mechanics definitions, most likely related to their research. Here are some of the definitions given by some authors. Miguel Sicart defines game mechanics as: Methods invoked by agents for interacting with the game world. (Sicart, 2008) Here, Sicart offered a formal definition for game mechanics as he exercises this definition with a comparative analysis of Shadow of Colossus (Team Ico, 2005), Rez (United Game Artist, 2002) and Every Extend Extra (Q Entertainment, 2006) to research game context and user experience. One of the game mechanics definitions that Sicart has mentioned in his research is by Lundgren and BjÃÆ' ¶rk (2003) as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“any part of the rule system of a game that covers one, and only one, possible kind of interaction that takes place during the game, be it general or specific.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? The definition given by Lundgren and BjÃÆ' ¶rk covers traditional board games and puzzle games, rather than video games. However, they mention that most of the mechanics identified in their research can easily be brewed into video games played on PCs and consoles. It would have been easy to describe these game mechanics without starting from traditional games, but, starting from traditional games also opens up a way that allows easy comparison between computer-based games and non-computerized games. Mike stout (2010) explains how to come up with a better game mechanics when the gameplay is repetitive and boring. Stout describes game mechanics as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A major chunk of gameplayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. He gives an example of The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past (Nintendo, 1991) and the game mechanics used in the game like: sword combat, block pushing, boomerang throwing, swimming, button based puzzles, Hazard-avoidance, etc. (Stout, 2010) Amy Jo Kim explains game mechanics applied in functional softwares and social media as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The system and features that makes games fun, compelling and addictiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Kim also explains how game mechanics is brewed into social media like eBay, Facebook, YouTube etc, (Kim, 2009). Game mechanics is a subject that is used in many fields other than video games like, social media, social games and entertainment, consumer products and services etc. Game Mechanics in Social Media Social media sites like facebook.com, eBay.com, youtube.com etc. Implements game mechanics at a very large scale. Amy Jo Kim (2009) explains how collection, points, exchange, feedback and customization mechanics is implemented in social media. For example, ebay.com gives rating and feedback score to the sellers based on the feedback received from customers or buyers. The feedback is accessible through sellerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s profile page where any user can check the ratings and score. This mechanics improves the seller services. Tesco PLC has implemented point mechanics to attract more customers. The customer gets certain points for purchases made at Tesco shops through Tesco Clubcard. Later, they can redeem points for other offers of items. Tesco makes various offers available through Clubcard points which drive customers to purchase more products. (Tesco, 2010) Jesse Schell (2010) presented multiple examples of game mechanics used in non-game media in his presentation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Design outside the Boxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? at DICE Summit 2010. Schell mentions new Ford Fusion hybrid car that comes with an EcoGuide facility, which is basically an implementation of feedback mechanics. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a virtual plant in techno meter; the plant sprouts more leaves as your miles-per gallon go up, indicating how green your motoring is. (Goodwin, 2009) Here, feedback mechanics is used in such a way that might affect the way people drive their car and possibly encourage them to drive in an eco-friendly way. MouseHunt (HitGrab, 2008) and other facebook games are mainly based on points, feedback, collection, and customization mechanics and MouseHunt can be the best example of it. The player is required to build a mouse trap to catch mice and when a mouse is caught, the player is awarded with points and gold. The game keeps a track of points and gold on leaderboard. The mice caught by the player are added in his collection. Game Mechanics in Mainstream Games Quake (id Software, 1996) popularized rocket jumping mechanics. Rocket jumping is the technique of firing a rocket launcher or similar explosive pointing at the ground or at wall and jumping at the same time. The explosion propels and accelerates the playerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s jump to large distance. Rocket jumping mechanics was introduced in Marathon (Bungie, 1994) and Rise of the Triad (Apogee, 1994), adapted in Team Fortress 2 (Valve, 2007) Unreal Tournament (Epic Games, 1999) and others. (Wikipedia, 2010) Another popular game mechanics is slow motion. The gameplay of Max Payne (Rockstar, 2001) involves bullet time-based action sequences. Bullet time slows the passage of time down to a certain level and enables the player to perform special moves. Time based mechanics is also one of the main features in later versions of Prince of Persia series (Ubisoft, 2003). This mechanics makes the prince able to slow down or rewind the time and perform special combat moves. Portal (Valve, 2007) is a single player Puzzle-Platformer game that consists primarily of a series of puzzles that must be solved by teleporting the playerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s character and simple objects using the portal gun, a unit that can create inter-spatial portal between flat planes. The game received praise for its unique gameplay and darkly humorous story. Portal seems a perfect combination of Challenge and Skills, though its gameplay consist teleportation based puzzles only. The gameplay contains no combat sequence or rocket jumping or slow motion. Kill.switch (Namco, 2003) introduced cover and shoot mechanics which was adapted into Gears of War (Epic Games, 2006). As described by Miguel Sicart (2008) Gears of War introduced an effective combat tactic where the player takes cover behind a block or a pillar and patiently shoots enemies. This third-person combat design also influenced Grand Theft Auto IV (RockStar North, 2008) and became highly popular. But Grand Theft Auto series is more popular for its variety of gameplay which consist of action, adventure, driving, racing, and stealth elements. The GTA series is also a good example of open world type of video game level design concept where a player can roam the virtual world at any point in the game. It also contains sandbox style nonlinear gameplay where the player can complete challenges in any sequence. The Game sold 2.5 million units in the America on the first day. (Mazel, 2008) The roots of open-world game concept go back to space simulator Elite (Acornsoft, 1984). However, we get to see open-world gameplay implementations in Midtown Madness (Microsoft, 1999), Need for Speed Underground 2 (EA Games, 2005) and Burnout Paradise (EA, 2008) as well. Game Mechanics in Racing Games The main gameplay in racing game is driving the car. However, many racing games offer various gameplay that are unique to the game itself. Need for speed: Underground (EA Games, 2003) has a unique win condition. The player has to finish the race at first place only in order to win the race, even if there are more than two players playing. This finish-first only mechanics deliberately increased the challenge level in the game. Underground emphasis heavily on import racing scene and featured vehicles associated with it. Cars can be customized to increase performance and visuals. Underground also featured EA Trax (EA Games) which is a collection of soundtracks. Overall, Need for Speed Underground contains multiple game mechanics that appealed many racing game lovers. According to VGChartz.com, the game sold 6.49 million units of PS2 version of the game till date. (VGChartz, 2010) Trials HD (RedLynx, 2009) is a combination of puzzle and stunt bike driving. It doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have any competitive race, as in the player has to get through a number of obstacles with as few crashes as possible. The challenge in the game is to balance and control the speed so that the player can pass through obstacles successfully. The game uses 3D graphics but the player can only more forward and backwards. However, the player can lean front or back to perform special moves or stunts. With such limited movement, the controls are also made simple. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Trials HDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? also has a leaderboard feature, and when connected to Xbox Live, the player can compare his progress with his friends. Split Second (Disney, 2010) introduced destructive environment, which, when triggered by player it creates obstacles for other players. As a player performs stunts like drafting, drifting or precision driving, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“powerplayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? meter builds up which allows the player to trigger special events like creating obstacles, enabling shortcuts or altering the race track entirely. High speed racing, imported cars, customization, stunts, crashes and motion blur can be noted as features of a racing game required to make it best selling. Burnout (Acclaim Entertainment, 2002) is noted as the initial in a series of high-speed racing games which also includes high risk gameplay mechanics. Burnout paradise (EA, 2008), the recent release in burnout series, features an open world environment called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Paradise Cityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, with day-night cycle. Game Mechanics include stunts, car crashes, and motorcycles. A very player favourite and famous gameplay is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Crash Modeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in which players can cause car crashes. However, in burnout paradise, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Crash Modeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Showtimeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and records are kept for playerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s biggest crash. The game contains best time for every street in the game which encourages the player to keep on driving to get the best time. Recently released blur (Activision, 2010) incorporates real world cars with arcade style handling and vehicular combat. It introduces a completely new type of gameplay to the current racing genre. However, it is brewed with the power ups mechanics that has been used in many games. It also uses the ranking and perk system. The race starts without a count-down timer which is currently popular; we can see such game mechanics in Split second and need for speed series. Results and Contribution The Definition I would like to give a brief explanation rather than a definition. It is possible that this has been mentioned some or other way in many articles. Game mechanics is a set of rules that builds a specific gameplay which makes the game more challenging, interesting and player-involving. Game mechanics can also introduce new ideas or variety within a game, which ultimately makes a game à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“funà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Game mechanics can be used to build up such a gameplay that motivates or manipulates human behaviour. The definition explained here has been used to study and understand the game mechanics and gameplay in a variety of games mentioned in the research. Game Mechanics In Racing Genre When it comes to racing games, speed is everything. The faster the gameplay is, the more the excitement, interest and challenge will be. In a racing game, the player is not given a high performance car at the beginning of the game, but as he levels up in the game, faster cars or performance upgrades that can boost up the speed are unlocked. This mechanism creates a need of high performance car, and as the player progresses further, the game feels more rewarding. Free roam mode or open world environment plays a crucial part in racing games. Player gets a chance to explore the environment and start the race whenever he wants to, which gives a realistic feeling to the game. Players usually get attracted towards imported cars. Car customization has become an important feature of racing games. Models of original cars are highly praised by players and. They have a tendency to customize their cars and show off as well. Leaderboards allow players to compare their best times, high score and achievements, which also keeps a player engaged in game. Challenge is not the only element a player is looking for in racing games. A number of games provides stunts and car crash based gameplay. Trials HD (RedLynx, 2009) and Burnout series (Criterion Games) are good examples of it. Player can drive through a signboard or perform a stunt in burnout paradise to gain extra boost, where Trials HD is all about passing through obstacles by performing stunt moves. Such game mechanics inserts the element of fun in games. A few arcade style racing games have been avoiding the use of start up countdown. The round starts with ongoing race and the player gains control of the car after a cut scene. This type of mechanics is seen in triple-A titles like Blur and Split second. However, Simulation style racing games, where the realism is more persistent, follows the traditional countdown start-up of a race. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Need for speed undergroundà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? featured finish-first only mechanics. In order to win the round, the player has to finish at first place and first place only. This increases the challenge at a high degree, but it also seemed to be improving the player skills. Other notable game mechanics or gameplay features includes motion blur, car pursuit, allowing player to create tracks etc. Music and soundtracks also play an important part in making the game more interesting. Who wouldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t listen to hip hop or rock music while driving oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s favourite car at top speed? It is believed that EA Trax has played an important part in the success of Need for Speed series. Gameplay is designed by brewing multiple game mechanics together. There is no specific recipe to make a best-selling racing game, but a game with various gameplay is more likely get popular. Developing a new Game Mechanic for Racing Games Whether a player is performing stunts, chasing a car, trying to make a huge crash score, or just playing a normal race, the core element is speed. Wouldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t it be great if a car never lose speed unless it is commanded to? Here, I have attempted to come up with such a game mechanic. During a race, if a player hits an obstacle, the car will lose health points but not the speed; the car will continue running throughout the track without losing its speed. However, massive loss in health points will ultimately result the player lose the round. The game presented here demonstrates the game mechanics with some other features as well. The demo consists of a single straight track. Instead of solid obstacles, the player will face white ghosts on track. On colliding with a ghost, the car will go through it but will lose health points. The race does not start with a countdown; instead it begins with the player car running at minimum speed; which increases the challenge from the beginning. On the other hand, if the player runs out of health, or fails to finish the race at first place, he loses the round. But, if the player finishes at first place without losing any health points, he wins a perfect finish. The demo also features some power ups. If the player picks up a health pack, the car health is restored. Slow motion slows down the game, allowing player to easily move through ghosts. Once activated, the game runs in slow motion for 10 seconds. Another power up is a shield which protects player from getting hurt by ghosts or opponent cars. The shield, once activated, stays active for 5 seconds. Shield provides a great advantage. When activated, the car will run 2 points slower than the real speed. Opponents do not collide or influence the playerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s game; however, if collided with opponent cars, the player car will lose health. Evaluation Game Mechanics The following racing mechanics have been implemented into the demo, speed mechanics, power ups, random obstacle mechanics, competition mechanics, countdown less start up and finish first only. The gameplay was changed regularly as the demo was forming up in order to get the optimum effect of the mechanics. Multiple values were changed to improve the difficulty and challenge. However, it was also ensured that the difficulty is not far above the ground. Besides game mechanics, the gameplay can be improved with better feedback, graphical and visual effects, music and sound, more rewards or other bells and whistles. The Gameplay A game demo or a beta version of a game is made for testing purposes. The developers would test the graphics, frame rate or overall performance. Here, the game demo was made for an identical aim. The game demo was given to a group of game enthusiasts. Afterwards the reaction of the players towards the game mechanics was observed. The demo has a look and feel of classic road fighter (Konami, 1984) and the players did miss the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“supermanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? bonus point. Random obstacles increased the challenge; it made the demo interesting as well. The demo has proved to be an ideal combination of challenge and skill. The players had to concentrate more in order to achieve the perfect finish; several players attempted more tactical approach to win the race. When asked about each feature of the game separately, the replies were encouraging and prove the success of the demo. User Comments Here are some comments given by players who tried the game demo. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The game is quiet good; the ghosts were terrible as they ate up all my health in the first round. I rate it 4 out of 5.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Pratik Solanki à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The concept was different from other games, though the difficulty level was maintained throughout the demo. It seemed easy to win the game, but it was tough to achieve the perfect finish. 3.5 out of 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Kushal Joshi à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The game gets addictive as soon as you start playingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Dirk Fortmeier The Research Game development is not quite possible without understanding game mechanics. Gameplay is an important factor that attracts a player. The research on game mechanics helped to understand why a particular gameplay is more interesting and player involving. Conclusion

The Definition Of Leadership And The Importance Of Leadership

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The Assumptions Of The Individual Go Beyond Strategic Goals

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Southern Peninsula Wines International Market Opportunities

Question: Discuss about the International Market Opportunities Report for Southern Peninsula Wines. Answer: Introduction Internationalisation being very important aspect for any business to sustain long term growth this report analyses the international market opportunities for Southern Peninsula Wines, a well known premium wine producing company. Organisations Mission or Vision The main vision of Sothern Peninsula Wines is to establish a very high quality facility of wine, which caters to boutique wines at much reasonable price that will help it to establish long term and long-lasting relationship with customers and helps in developing better customer relationships as well. Strategic Goals of Southern Peninsula Wines Since they believe that their lives are intertwined with the wines business, so their main strategic goal is to create a comfortable lifestyle for their families, thus promoting and allowing them to carry it to the future generations as well. Capabilities of Southern Peninsula Wines The main expertise of Southern Peninsula Wines is being created on the cold climate that supports viticulture as well as wine making. It has an 83 acres vast Gretten Forest Estate and along with that they have 30 acres of vines that have been planted as well as another 100 acres vineyard that has been planted at Morington , which carries about 70 acres of vines spread in the vineyard. Both Eddy and Frank have the successful support of an experienced workforce of 50 employees together and the winery currently has the capacity to produce 500,000 cases of wines every year with an expanding capacity too. Product under Consideration for Entry into China The main product that Southern Peninsula Wines wants to make entry in Chinese markets is boutique premium wines as Australian wine enjoys good reputation in various parts of the world. Some of the best varieties of wines that it plans to export include Cabernet sauvignon, Sauvignon Blanc and Shiraz. However all these labels would be adopted as per Chinese markets carrying tasteful symbols of Australia if need be. Global Business Environment Overview of Current Global Business Environment In the global wine industry there are two main categories of wine producers: The New World producers and the Old World Producers. The larger New Word Producers are: US, Argentina, Australia and Chile, while France and Italy are the two largest Old World Producers. Australian wine industry falls in the category of hard knocks , due to the resources bloom which is fuelled through China's the currency of Australia has appreciated as opposed to the currency of other nations , which has lead to diminished competitiveness of non-mineral exports in the country that also includes wine. The world wine production share of Australia was 4.4 percent in 2009 (Anderson Nelgen, 2011) . The growth and production of wine in new Zealand has been spectacular as compared to Australia as its exports almost doubled from 2003 to 2005 followed by more than double of the are so vineyards in the country and it gained popularity in white wines category which is reflected by highest unit values of the bottled still wine. International exports of the wine produced in US have very small portion in total sales however Californian exports of wine to the nation is largest amongst all bilateral trades of wine. In the coming two years US will be replacing France as the largest consumer of wine across the world, so it is quite important region for wine industry in world (Grant et al., 2015). With huge rise in demands of wine across China and is emerging as the potential importer of wine. It has huge per capita incomes, a bigger cut in the tariffs imposed on wine imports due to WTO obligations as well as the outlawing practice of adding sugar along with water to the domestic wine has lead to this rise of imports (Wittwer, 2007). Market Trends or Developments It has been found that during the two decades of 20th century the internationalisation of wine production as well as wine consumption has been continuous at regular pace. It has been observed that the broad delineation between Southern Hemisphere New World and the Old World wine producing countries in the form of discrete markets has been completely eroded (Robinson, 2006) . The reason being development of new markets, diversification of traditional markets as well as mapping of international wine-trade has become very much routinised (Anderson Nelgen, 2011) . Country Volume (million litres) 2000 Volume (million litres) 2009 % Increase Value (US$m) 2000 Value (US$m) 2009 % Increase Australia 311 772 248 897 1802 201 New Zealand 20 129 645 90 637 708 Argentina 73 291 399 150 636 424 Chile 297 692 233 577 1374 238 South Africa 155 429 277 243 711 293 Table 1: Changes in export volume and value: SHNW producers, 20002009. Trade Patterns, Policies and Agreements Trade Patterns, Policies and Relevant Agreements between Australia and China China-Australia Free Trade Agreement (ChAFTA) was implemented on 20th December, 2015. This laid a historical foundation for the historical relationship between two countries(Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2015) . This agreement will open major opportunities for Australia in Chinese markets as it is the largest exports market for Australia accounting for almost one-third of exports. Even the economic relationship between Australia and China has increased in rapid manner recently mainly the trade relationship as China is the largest trading partner of Australia in terms of both exports as well as imports and on the other hand Australia is Chinas 6th largest merchandise trading partner (DFAT, 2012). Figure 1: Chinas Share of Australian total merchandise trade Australia has been the topmost foreign direct investment destination for China since it started off its go global policy (Larum Qian, 2012) . Australia investments in China started in 1979 and has been one of the earliest nations to start investing (Yu, 2012) , but till date the investment of Australia remains lower when compared to its trade relationships. But Australian investment in China has improved in the recent years with 1.4 percent of total stock. Ease of Entry and Trading for Company Although China has Free Trade agreement with Australia but as part of austerity measures the wine consumption has declined in 2013 after 10 years of continuous growth of Australian Wine Exports that also showed a decline in 2014 by approximately 12 percent. Due to Free Trade Agreements the Australian wine companies will be getting better access to the important markets, which will be providing an improved competitive position for Australian exports and better prospects for two-way investments (Dawes, 2014). Environmental Factors Social, Cultural, Political and Economical Factors Impacting Organisation Although China does not have a wine tradition of their own , however the people of China are fast adopting wine as a healthy option , which is quite a new , as well as lower cost alternative for the traditional drinks for example Chinese liquor etc. Due to rising middle class, exponential increase in income and the rising familiarity with the foreign lifestyle in Chinese society there is seen rise in the consumption of wine. Some of the major uses of wine have been found in the Chinese society for business dinners, personal drinking and gifts (Reyneke et al., 2011). The population of China has more percentage of young white collared people along with foreigners that have started developing taste for wine (Euromonitor, 2016). In 2010 the per capita disposable income of the urban residents of China was 19,109 Yuan which is a real time increase of 7.8 percent as compared to that in 2009. In 2010 the GDP of China was found to be 39.7983 trillion Yuan which indicates the rise in disposable income of the people to great extent. Variety of imported grape wine has been positioned quite advantageously and their price is quite competitive with the locally produced grape wine (Schmitt, 2015) . China has established international wine production standards that need to be confirmed by the wine exporters and it has also issued wine making regulations to produce better quality wine. The total import tax that is levied on imported wine is fourteen percent along with 10 percent consumption tax as well as 17 percent value added tax in Mainland China. One the other hand Hong Kong and Macau have totally eliminated all kinds of duties on alcoholic beverages that includes both beer and wine. Technological and E-Commerce Factors Impacting the Opportunity In China itself there are more than 500 wineries that are operational and the topmost 10 Chinese producers make almost 10-12 million litres of wine per year. Local producers do not have the expertise and also lack good quality grapes. However by opening the Chinese economy many new opportunities have been made available for Mainland manufacturers so that they can upgrade and update their production process on the basis of foreign imported technology as well as greater expertise. In Australia the larger wine companies have implemented new supply chain systems so the manufacturers in China will also gain benefit from effective supply chain management systems adopted by Australian wine producers. Cross-enterprise supply chain is being planned amongst the businesses. Currently Internet is being used by wine exporters just to keep updated about the products available and do not consider Information and Communication Technology ( ICTs) important for managing supplies or ordering (Monday W oodHarper, 2010) .With the increase in online sales of wine e-commerce is also becoming much important in the wine industry as it is making varied kinds of tools available for customer interactions as well as influence for example vlogs, social networks, podcasts, blogs as well as online virtual communities . In China the adoption level of these tools is found to be very low currently (Thach, 2009). Conclusion Since Southern Peninsula wines have gained an exemplary reputation in the category of bottled wines and have won multiple awards not just in Australia but recently in countries like UK and China so they have strategic goals of expanding into international markets as well. All these vineyards have the capability of producing a wide range of varied wine styles for the boutique wine lovers. In a single year the import of Australian wine to China has tripled that has overtaken Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark and Ireland as the major buyers of Australian wine in volumetric terms. International market most viable for the Southern Peninsula Wines to enter is thus China which also depends on whether the Chinese consumers are capable of acquiring a taste for wine as their income rises or not. The bilateral trade Agreements has been signed between Government of Australia and Government of Peoples Republic of China that have helped in establishing economic relationships between two countries. China being huge country has hundreds of cities with population of more than one million people, so tier 2 cities will provide better opportunities for Australian exporters. There is seen a rise in the interest of towards grape wine amongst consumers mainly imported light grape wine that has resulted in boosting the wine consumption in 2015. Thus China proves to be the right choice for international expansion for the company. References Anderson, K. Nelgen, S., 2011. Global Wine Markets, 1961 to 2009: A Statistical Compendium. , Adelaide: University of Adelaide Press. Dawes, G., 2014. Wine to China - Current export specific considerations. Australian Business , 18 November. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2015. China-Australia Free Trade Agreement. [Online] Available at: https://dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/chafta/Pages/australia-china-fta.aspx [Accessed 28 August 2016]. DFAT, 2012. China Fact Sheet. [Online] Available at: https://www.treasury.gov.au/PublicationsAndMedia/Publications/2012/Economic-Roundup-Issue-4/HTML/article1 [Accessed 28 August 2016]. Euromonitor, 2016. Wine in China. [Online] Available at: https://www.euromonitor.com/wine-in-china/report [Accessed 28 August 2016]. Grant, B. et al., 2015. The Australian wine industry at the crossroads: a comparison of performance across major wine exporting countries in 2000. Australasian J. Reg. Stud., 21(1). Larum, J. Qian, J., 2012. A long march: the Australia-China investment relationship. Australia China Business Council. Monday, A. WoodHarper, T., 2010. Exploring the supply chain of small and medium-sized South Australian wine producers. Supply Chain Forum An International Journal, 1(11). Reyneke, M., Berthon, P.R., Pitt, L.F. Parent, M., 2011. Luxury Wine Brands as Gifts: Ontological and Aethetic Perspectives. International Journal of Wine Business Research, 23, p.258. Robinson, J., 2006. Old World v New World - a thing of the past? [Online] Available at: https://www.jancisrobinson.com/articles/winenews060506.html [Accessed 28 AUgust 2016]. Schmitt, P., 2015. China Wine Market Returns to Rapid Growth. The Drinks Business, 16 November. Thach, L., 2009. Wine 2.0The Next Phase of Wine Marketing? Exploring US Winery Adoption of Wine 2.0 Components. Journal of Wine Research, 20(2), pp.143-47. Wittwer, G., 2007. The Global Wine Market in the Decade to 2015 with a Focus on Australia and Chile. Centre of Policy Studies Monash University. Yu, C.S., 2012. Sino-Australian economic relations: a general review. Sydeny: UNSW Press.

The Age Of Innocence Essay Example

The Age Of Innocence Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on The Age Of Innocence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Age Of Innocence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Age Of Innocence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Age Of Innocence The age of innocence is a book on choices. It is the story of how the character Newland Archer finds himself happily engaged to May Welland a beautiful young woman who happens to be sophisticated, polite and well mannered, and it certainly does not hurt that she is an aristocrat. He believes that he has finally found what he was looking for and is looking for a life of blissful happiness with her. He then meets Countess Ellen Olenska, May’s cousin from America, who is in the process of separation from her husband who he finds to be beautiful but lacking charm. At first, he is concerned that his innocent young fiancee is sitting next to a woman whose morals he considers questionable notwithstanding the fact that they are cousins. He has heard gossip among men and is surprised by rumors of her infidelity toward her husband, whom she is planning to divorce. The beginning of the book the author sets a scene of elegance, affluence where the author distinguishes between what is proper in that time and age, and what is distasteful conduct. She also shows the close bond between Archer and May, which is evident in the fact that even through non-verbal communication they understand each other perfectly and are in harmony. The author also shows that acceptance into this â€Å"club† is characterized by affluence, good etiquette and how well one can conceal their unpleasant side. Archer considers his own good fortune at his engagement to May who he deems perfect. On the subject of Ellen’s divorce, He opines that it should be granted as he advocates that she is deserving of the same rights, as any man should. He listens to Ellen’s critiques and opinions and though he feels they should not be brought up, he nonetheless finds them insightful. He also muses that his fiancee is a product of the society she was brought up in, and regards her as so bonded with her lifestyle that anything different would be unsuited to her persona. As Archer learns more of Ellen’s background, he becomes somewhat sympathetic toward her. Ellen narrates to him how it feels when the society in new York wishes her to be someone she is not. Moreover, she states that the reason society imposes this on her is that it causes them discomfort to view anything different than what they are used to. She believes that the society judges her more harshly than necessary. While ke en to fit into the New York scene, she is not willing to subject her personality to any changes. After a spell, bored of the monotony of his life, Archer tries to convince May to move up the wedding date even suggesting elopement, which May finds funny. Here, he begins to view her imperfections are such that she cannot even think for herself going as far as comparing her to a cavefish. He thinks her too set in her ways. Meanwhile, he comes across a letter that would be damaging to Ellen’s reputation and attempts to convince Ellen’s husband not to go through with his intended divorce. The letter makes Archer judgmental of Ellen, and he views her disdainfully due to the allegations of adultery against her. Archer watches a scene, which particularly moves him and makes him contemplate his relationship with Ellen. In the scene, he watches an actor turn back and not notice her lover kissing a ribbon that hangs from her neck. This reminds him of his and Ellen’s relationship, which he feels, is filled with chances that were missed and which he cannot reclaim. Archer meets his friend Ned, a failed author and during their conversation, he is reminded of how narrow and constricted his own life is. Archer joins May on vacation and is happy to see her, but his mind is dulled by the simplicity of her’s. He again tries to convince her to shorten their engagement. She mentions to him that he is trying to do so because he may still be in love with a past mistress. Archer meets Ellen after he comes back from his vacation and states his love for her, telling her that he would break off his engagement, and she would finalize her divorce, and they would be together. Ellen refuses this stating that she would not like to cause anyone pain. She asks him to be practical and after he states that, he would rather see her dead than return to her husband she states, â€Å"You say that because it’s the easiest thing to say at this moment—not because it’s true.† After the Archers’ wedding, while on honeymoon, archer is still surprised by May’s naivete and gives up on her stating, â€Å"There was no use in trying to educate a wife who had not the dimmest notion that she was not free.† Their honeymoon is three months long and Archer slowly forgets Ellen referring to her as a â€Å"ghost†. On return to New York, he is sent by Ellen’s grandmother to go see her. He finds her at a beach with her back to him and states that he will not go to her if she does not turn to face him. After she refuses, he leaves her alone, mentally ending his relationship with her. Archer is soon bored of the repetitiveness of his married life. He decides to visit the country hoping to bump into Ellen there, but does not find her. He decides to go to Boston on business where he runs into Ellen. He questions her about the day on the beach, and she states that she purposely did not turn back. She reveals to him that her husband is offering a vast amount for her return and that she is considering it. She also reveals to be heartbroken about their separation and claims that she cannot even return to Europe because she does not wish to be far from him. Ellen and May become friends to the delight of Archer. Ellen stays close to take care of her grandmother who has had a stroke and Archer is glad that she is close. Abruptly, Ellen leaves and May reveals to Archer that she is pregnant. She then tells him that she had told Ellen of her pregnancy tow weeks earlier. It becomes clear to Archer during Ellen’s farewell party that everyone thought they had been having an affair for years and this surprised. May dies of pneumonia abruptly after nursing their youngest son back to health. At the end of the book, we see that Archer had misjudged May too harshly. He saw her as a naive, foolish woman whose only assets were her beauty but it seems that she was much more perceptive that he gave her credit. May was on many occasions able to deduce Archer’s feelings, and this is most clearly seen at the end, when her son tells his father that she had once â€Å"made him give up what he wanted most† referring to his relationship wi th Ellen, which she had known about.